The Feminist Movement Of Bram Stoker s Dracula - 1379 Words

In Victorian England, the feminist movement began to rise at an almost exponential rate. Women started to have their voices heard and even had many of their causes argued for by some men. Among these men was a lecturer by the name of Bram Stoker. Stoker spent years lecturing on and arguing for feminist causes at the Philosophical Society. That is until the â€Å"New Woman† came about. The New Woman was considered to be a new breed of woman, one that was almost inhuman or mutated, hence the name. They believed in sexual freedom, the blurring of the distinction between the genders, and their right to choose their path of life even when it went against what a man wished. Stoker then claimed that these ideals were wrong and stated it very clearly†¦show more content†¦From what is demonstrated in Dracula, Stoker clearly also believes that sexuality in a woman would additionally lead to the downfall of men along with its immorality. Scenes such as when Jonathan is with the female vampires in Dracula’s castle represent a very literal incarnation of this belief. Jonathan is awake when he hears the women vampires talk of taking him and taking his â€Å"kisses†. This causes Jonathan to be very aroused and he anticipated what the vampires were going to do to him. Jonathan does nothing to get out of the situation he was in despite the danger of it. He simply â€Å"closed [his] eyes in ecstacy and waited† (Stoker, 43) If Dracula had not interrupted, the women would have taken advantage of Jonathan and he would have either died or become a vampire. This alternate possible ending to the scene would have mirrored Stoker’s contraction of syphilis, which would have happened around the time of his writing Dracula. At this time, Stoker had not had sexual interactions with his wife for at least twenty, therefore, if one can assume his heterosexuality, he would have contracted syphilis from some other woman who was â€Å"sexually freeâ₠¬  and had seduced him into bed with her. This clear parallel was Stoker’s way of warning men against the evil of a sexually free woman. Stoker would not have wanted to advocate a cause which would allow more evil women to

List And Describe At Least Three Technologies That Allow...

The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age List and describe at least three technologies that allow an individual to research citizens private data. This is an era of massive violations of privacy rights and individual liberties due to the new technologies of surveillance, data mining, electronic monitoring, biometric chips, spamming, hacking, phishing, and security breaches at major private and public institutions. These new technologies make the protection of privacy rights far more difficult than in the pre-electronic past. Given the nature of the Internet, thousands or even millions of people can view these Twitter and Facebook postings in a very short time, and they can quickly go viral and spread globally almost overnight. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of public access to this information, both for the researchers and those who are being investigated. Derogatory information about the personal life of individuals, including sexual behavior, financial, medical, legal and psychiatric histories, past drug and alcohol abuse, can be posted on the Internet and remain there permanently, available to millions through a simple Google search. It does not even matter if the information is false or from dubious or unknown sources, since the Internet is basically a free-for-all where virtually anything can be posted by anyone. Comments and opinions about controversial subjects like politics and religion, once posted to websites and blogs,Show MoreRelatedQuestions and Answers on Privacy Laws1621 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿List and describe at least three (3) technologies that allow an individual to research citizens private data The internet, cookies, and databases are three technologies which can potentially allow individuals to locate private information. 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Facebook is the largest online social network providerRead MoreThe Value Of Digital Privacy In An Information Technology Age1799 Words   |  7 Pagesan Information Technology Age Introduction Individual citizens rights to digital privacy continue to be to challenged by the increasing need for national security one the one hand, and the increasing digital vigilance many companies are putting into place to protect themselves while learning more about their customers. These factors are a volatile catalyst that continues to change the ethical, legal and personal landscape rights of digital privacy in the information technology age. The depthRead More The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 20006383 Words   |  26 PagesThe Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 Introduction ============ For my module computing I have to find research and produce detailed report on freedom of information and the need for security. The information commissioner’s office enforces and oversees the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. I need to read and understand knowledge respecting private lives of individuals and encourage the openness and accountability of public authoritiesRead MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words   |  184 PagesInformation Technology Implementation Issues: An Analysis Suzanne Beaumaster Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration and Public Policy John W. Dickey, Chair Larkin Dudley Joseph Rees J. Michael Thomson Gary Wamsley March 24, 1999 Blacksburg, Virginia Copyright 1999, Suzanne Beaumaster Information Technology ImplementationRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 PagesEvaluate the impact of contemporary information systems and the Internet on the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property. 4. Assess how information systems have affected everyday life. CHAPTER OUTLINE 4.1 UNDERSTANDING ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO SYSTEMS A Model for Thinking About Ethical, Social, and Political Issues Five Moral Dimensions of the Information Age Key Technology Trends that Raise Ethical Issues ETHICS IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY Basic Concepts: ResponsibilityRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 PagesInformation Technology Economics Acquiring IT Applications and Infrastructure Security Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Movie Piracy Learning Objectives 17.1 Perspectives on IT Impacts 17.2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Space, and Distance Understand the changes that take place in the workplace and the lives of individuals when information technology eliminatesRead MoreEssay on Google Inc, in China7565 Words   |  31 PagesPerspective: 1. Author’s Perspective. Describe the perspective of the author(s) of the case study and possible biases of the author(s):  ¶ The case was wrote by Kirsten E. Martin, the Assistant Professor of Business Administration at George Washington University, School of Business. She has her Ph.D. from Darden Graduate School of Business, University of Virginia. Her main research interests are business ethics, privacy, technology and stakeholder theory. It might be possible thatRead MoreFuture Information Security Trends17051 Words   |  69 PagesFuture Information Security Trends Kasi Research Project Tekes Safety and Security Research Program Final Report, March 11, 2011 Olli Pitkà ¤nen, Risto Sarvas, Asko Lehmuskallio, Miska Simanainen, Vesa Kantola Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT / Aalto University Mika Rautila, Arto Juhola, Heikki Pentikà ¤inen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ossi Kuittinen Sitra Executive Summary This report presents the major findings of the research project Kasi – Future Information SecurityRead MoreMarketing and Internet5330 Words   |  22 Pagesis E-Marketing? E-Marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. How Does E-Marketing Relate to E-Business? E-business is the continuous optimization of a firm’s business activities through digital technology (allows the storage and transmission of data in digital formats.) E-business involves attracting and retaining

Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Describe the Pathophysiology of an Acute Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction. Answer: Pathophysiology of acute haemolytic transfusion reaction A haemolytic transfusion reaction is referred to the complications occurred after a blood transfusion, as a result of harmful reactions between the transfused RBCs with the recipients immune system (Massey, Davenport Kaufman, 2013). Aetiology The lack of compatibility among the donor and receivers blood is the key reason behind the immune reaction. In that condition, the immune cells of the recipients immune system attacks and destroys the incoming RBCs. The 2/3rd of these transfusions related issues are caused by a medical error in identifying the patient, blood sample or blood component and 1/3rd is due to an misconduct by the transfusion service. The key mediators of the immune reactions are the IgM or IgG antibodies or the non-ABO IgG antibodies like Rh, Kell or Duffy (Harmening, 2012). Risk factors Multiparous women, previous blood transfusion history, emergency uncross-matched transfusion, IgA deficiency, volume overload, transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, uncalibrated or poorly maintained blood warmer, mechanical damage of red cells, inadequate patient handling by staffs, inadequate diagnosis, concomitant medications are the key risk factors for developing haemolytic transfusion reaction (Bolton?Maggs Cohen, 2013). Pathogenesis Durring the first phase, the IgM/ IgG antibody of the recipient reacts with the transfused RBCs cell membrane. However, haemolysis occurs, if these antibodies are capable of activating components of complement system, i.e. C1 to C9. In the next phase, the RBCs, the non-hemolyzed RBCs bind to phagocytic cells, through IgG or C3b receptors; thereby stimulate the cytokine production, including IL-8 and TNF alpha. Then through phagocytosis, the bound cells are destroyed. This step is followed by the systematic effects of anaphylotoxins, C3a and C5a, cytokines; which then produce the clinical signs and symptoms of the haemolytic reactions (Bersus et al., 2013). Clinical manifestation The clinical manifestation of the haemolytic transfusion reactions are usually represented within 24 hours. These include the followings: Chills Fever Hypotension Renal failure Back or flank pin Oliguria Epistaxis Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Decreased fibrinogen Elevated bilirubin Hemoglobinemia Hemoglobinuria Clinical reasoning cycle Consider patients situation The patient, Mr. Ha had a medical history of gastric ulcer, hypertension and was getting tired easily. He was also passing black stool from last 3 years. His haemoglobin count was high, i.e. 89 mmol/l, indicating destruction of RBC. The blood pressure was also significantly low. The patient was prescribed with 2 units of PRBC transfusion. However, the second unit was ceased, when the patient represented symptoms of high temperature, 220/ min pulse rate along with shaking and stiffness. In this context, the following nursing care plan is being developed for the patient. Collection cues The patient had gastric ulcer and hypertension. His initial blood haemoglobin was high, along with the significantly low blood pressure, i.e. 60/90 mmHg. It indicates leakage in blood circulation or destruction of red blood cells. Upon the cessation of his second unit of transfusion, the pulse rate was dangerously high, i.e. 220/min along with high temperature. It has also been revealed that the patients vital signs were not measured through 1.15 hours. Process information Processing the available information, it has been revealed that the key cause of the adverse situation of the patient is lack of frequent monitoring the vital signs. Moreover, the situation is likely to rise as a result of incompatible transduction of blood cells. The high pulse rate, shaking and high temperature also indicate the occurrence of immune reaction or anaphylacytic reaction (Forbes Watt, 2015). The nurses should be more careful to monitor patients vital signs frequently, to prevent these kinds of severe reactions. Identify issues In the current situation, the patient is having high temperature, high pulse rate, losing consciousness and started shaking. Therefore, it is important to prioritise the key issues, which needed to be addressed first. The key issues are: High temperature and shaking High pulse Losing consciousness and haemolytic reactions in blood Establish goals Based on the key issues identified in the case, it is important to establish care goals for the patients. Therefore, the immediate key goals for the patient would be: To reduce temperature and control shaking To reduce pulse rate and control fluctuation of pulse rate To cross-check the patients compatibility to the transfused cells To Monitor vital signs and report deterioration To maintain IV line Take action To control the initial high temperature, the nurse need to report to the physician first and upon consultation, antipyretic medications should be provided. Moreover, to control patients shivering and stiffness, chloropromazine and diazepam could be administered, upon consultation. Intravenous saline solutions should be started to replenish fluid loss (Marcum, 2012). As the patient has undergone the previous situation, as result of infrequent monitoring, nurse should monitor patients vital signs every 5 minutes. To deal with inadequate cardiac output and hypotension, the IV line should be started with 0.9 % saline solution (NaCl) immediately. As the patient is losing consciousness, the nurse should continuously communicate with the patient, to reduce the risk of losing consciousness completely. Urine specimen should be tested for determining the presence of haemoglobin in urine (Alfaro-LeFevre, 2012). Immediately after recognizing the adverse condition, the transfusion should be ceased and patients actual order for the blood type and the administered packet of blood should be cross-checked for any kinds of administration error. To control further deterioration, the nurse should immediately consult with the physician and administer drugs including antihistamines, steroid, vasopressor or fluids to reduce allergic symptoms immediately and reduce the fatal risk (Ahopelto et al., 2011). Evaluate outcomes Evaluating the patients current situation and the interventions implemented for the patient, it can be interpreted that the patient would be benefited from the solutions, as these have been implemented in an evidence-based manner (Alfaro-LeFevre, 2012). Moreover, it can be interpreted that transfusion reactions should be performed upon checking the compatibility more than one time. Reflection Dealing with the case of Mr. Ha, the importance of cross-checking blood component compatibility between donor and recipient has been understood significantly. In addition, the role and accountability of a nurse in case of a patient with transfusion reactions, have also been understood. Reference List Ahopelto, I., Mikkil-Erdmann, M., Olkinuora, E., Kp, P. (2011). A follow-up study of medical students biomedical understanding and clinical reasoning concerning the cardiovascular system.Advances in health sciences education,16(5), 655-668. Alfaro-LeFevre, R. (2012).Applying nursing process: the foundation for clinical reasoning. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bersus, O., Boman, K., Nessen, S. C., Westerberg, L. A. (2013). Risks of hemolysis due to anti?A and anti?B caused by the transfusion of blood or blood components containing ABO?incompatible plasma.Transfusion,53(S1), 114S-123S. Bolton?Maggs, P. H., Cohen, H. (2013). Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) haemovigilance and progress is improving transfusion safety.British journal of haematology,163(3), 303-314. Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015).Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Harmening, D. M. (2012).Modern blood banking and transfusion practices. FA Davis. Marcum, J. A. (2012). An integrated model of clinical reasoning: dual?process theory of cognition and metacognition.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,18(5), 954-961. Massey, E. J., Davenport, R. D., Kaufman, R. M. (2013). Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions.Practical Transfusion Medicine, Fourth Edition, 77-88.

Ben Jonsons Epigrams free essay sample

This paper is an in-depth analysis of Ben Jonsons Epigrams containing two basic classes of epigrams those of praise and those of blame. The following paper examines how Jonsons book of epigrams seeks to give each man his due. The writer examines the way in which the positive poems rest on the theory that good men have a duty to do praiseworthy things and that the poet has a reciprocal duty to praise them. The writer discusses how Jonson asserts that his epigrams are not only about how men should act toward one another, but also about what they should be in themselves. These characters can easily be imitated if one follows the attributes Jonson exposes, so one can find their faults and display examples of virtue for emulation. There has to be self-control of one;s senses, creating manly characteristics. Once self-control is obtained, others begin to recognize your standing in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Jonsons Epigrams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to obtain recognition, there must be firm allegiance of oneself to continue these manly qualities. Once you have been free from deceit, society creates a favorable impression toward your ideal. You then have obtained a high position in society, creating a prominent force. People then think of you as useful with a proposed end in mind. This person becomes highly cherished and attracts others because of their presence. They look for your presence because one is free from corruption. These characteristics are voluntary allowing for happiness inside a character because they keep their goals alive by observance of the moral laws in society. All these qualities are not obtained instantly, but develop into models creating the idea that these characters are not unique. These characters could be imitated by any willing character exposing a free manner for doing deeds fearlessly, frankly and voluntarily.

Negative Effects Global Warming Essay Example

Negative Effects Global Warming Paper The first and most obvious disadvantage is the higher sea levels. Due to the warmer climates many ice caps are melting down which are increasing the sea levels and affecting the low-lying lands. The water is reaching these lands and flooding them over. Many places in the coasts around the world, will disappear if this happens, places such as Shanghai, Holland, Bangladesh, San Francisco, Florida, Tantalum’s, Veracity, Camper etc. This issue brings many other consequent problems such deaths and many diseases from food and evacuations. Another main negative effect is the bad life conditions that many parts of the world will suffer. These bad life conditions may be starvation, malnutrition and increased deaths due to food and crop shortages. Also there will be water shortage in already water-scarce areas and deserts get drier leaving to increased desertification. Human health will be decreasing because of the high levels of air pollution in our environment, and will cause problems such as allergies and asthma. The last disadvantage is the huge negative impact that global warming causes on the weather. Since the temperatures of our planet will begin to rise, there will be more extreme weather. These drastic changes in the climate will cause increased frequency in natural disasters. Many of these severe and catastrophic disasters will be such as storms, avalanches, landslides, heat waves, and acidity of rainfall. All of these disasters will increase diseases, deaths and the extinction of animal and plant species. Human kind can keep thinking we still have plenty of time to make conscience and change, or even think global warming is not an actual problem, but we would all be wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Effects Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Effects Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Effects Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We have to start taking actions right away and not let more years go by. There are many simple but important actions we can do to help our planet. Some of these actions are, buying energy-saving light bulbs, turn off electric devices when not in use, reduce the use of air conditioners or heaters, try to reduce the use of cars by using bicycles or walking, plant trees, shower with less hot water, separate the trash and recycle. Our planet IS dying with the pass of the years and it is in our hands to do something about it, we must start changing our ways of thinking and start taking actions NOW.

The History of the Telescope and Binoculars

The History of the Telescope and Binoculars Phoenicians cooking on sand first discovered glass around 3500 BCE, but it took another 5,000 years or so before glass was shaped into a lens to create the first telescope. Hans Lippershey of Holland is often credited with the invention sometime in the 16th century. He almost certainly wasn’t the first to make one, but he was the first to make the new device widely known. Galileo’s Telescope The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei   the  first man to see the craters on the moon. He went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. His telescope was similar to opera glasses. It used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. This provided up to 30 times magnification and a narrow field of view, so  Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moons face without repositioning his telescope. Sir Isaac Newton’s Design Sir Isaac Newton  introduced a new concept in telescope design in 1704. Instead of glass lenses, he used a curved mirror to gather light and reflect it back to a point of focus. This reflecting mirror acted like a light-collecting bucket the bigger the bucket, the more light it could collect. Improvements to the First Designs   The Short telescope was created by Scottish optician and astronomer James Short in 1740. It was the first perfect parabolic, elliptic, distortionless mirror ideal for reflecting telescopes. James Short built over 1,360 telescopes.   The reflector telescope that Newton designed opened the door to magnifying objects millions of times, far beyond what could ever be achieved with a lens, but others tinkered with his invention over the years, trying to improve it. Newton’s fundamental principle of using a single curved mirror to gather in light remained the same, but ultimately, the size of the reflecting mirror was increased from the six-inch mirror used by Newton to a 6-meter mirror 236 inches in diameter. The mirror was provided by the Special Astrophysical Observatory in Russia, which opened in 1974. Segmented Mirrors The idea of using a segmented mirror dates back to the 19th century, but experiments with it were few and small. Many astronomers doubted its viability. The Keck Telescope finally pushed technology forward and brought this innovate design into reality. The Introduction of Binoculars The binocular is an optical instrument consisting of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. When Hans Lippershey first applied for a patent on his instrument in 1608, he was actually asked to build a binocular version. He reportedly did so late that year.   Box-shaped binocular terrestrial telescopes were produced in the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century by Cherubin d’Orleans in Paris, Pietro  Patroni in Milan and I.M. Dobler in Berlin. These were not successful because of their clumsy handling and poor quality. Credit for the first real  binocular telescope goes to J. P. Lemiere who devised one in 1825. The modern prism binocular began with Ignazio Porros 1854 Italian patent for a prism erecting system.

Discuss and explain situations where OSHA would be able to enter and Assignment

Discuss and explain situations where OSHA would be able to enter and inspect a worksite without obtaining a warrant or the employers express consent - Assignment Example stances where the employer expressly refused inspection would the OSHA, by virtue to â€Å"Section 5(a)(1) of the Act, known as the â€Å"General Duty Clause,† which requires that every working man and woman must be provided with a safe and healthful workplace† (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2002, p. 1), obtain a warrant to inspect. Therefore, the instances or situations where OSHA would be able to enter and inspect a worksite without obtaining a warrant or the employer’s express consent include the following: (1) imminent danger situations that required immediate corrective actions (where the definition of imminent danger is explicitly stated as â€Å"any condition where there is reasonable certainty that a danger exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the danger can be eliminated through normal enforcement procedures† (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2002, p. 3); (2) accident investigations, especially when more than three employees have been injured, become hospitalized or caused unfortunate deaths; and (3) when there are complaints for unsafe or unhealthy working conditions were apparently received from any member of the organization or its stakeholders (Occupational Safety & Health Administration,

Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Terrorism - Term Paper Example Its history has been long and significant. This paper shall now seek to study and trace the history of terrorism in America. First, a general overview of the significant events in American terrorism shall be discussed. Secondly, a more specific discussion of relevant terrorism attacks in America shall be carried out. Lastly, this paper shall be summarized and concluded with specific points of discussion for future studies. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear picture of terrorism in America. It is being conducted as a means of understanding the patterns of attacks as well as the impact of these events in the life of the American people. Body Overview Terrorism in the United States is said to be caused by the various issues and conflicts which exist within and outside its borders. The country is a unique country because of its ability to contain the masses in a state of relative peace and harmony (Kelly, 2012). On further evaluation, terrorism in America is bo rne out of an extreme distrust of the American democratic ideals and of the illusion that people from varied backgrounds can all live loyally under the US political system (Kelly, 2012). In effect, despite significant variations in the expressions of terrorism, terrorism in the US can sometimes be explained as a violent claim on American values. The distrust is based on various expressions from different groups and in different time periods. The earliest manifestation of terrorism was seen in the early republic time period. The Boston Tea Party is an incident which is not considered terrorism in the technical sense (Kelly, 2012). The incident was a staged rebellion launched by colonists as a means of pressuring Britain into shifting its policies on the US (Kelly, 2012). Although this incident is not significantly violent, it can be placed in the category of terrorism as it was an act which sought to secure the goals and styles of national liberation groups. After the Civil War, terr orism came in the form of white supremacy movements and activities. The first form of terrorism seen in the United States was based on the ideals and activities of white supremacists (Kelly, 2012). These supremacists were Protestant Christians who believed that they were superior to other races and ethnicities and that general society must also exhibit such superiority. Before the Civil War, American society displayed such supremacy, especially as slavery was a legal practice (Kelly, 2012). Only after the Civil War ended was slavery made illegal, and white supremacy was soon to emerge. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was the most infamous white supremacist group formed. This group used various means of terrorism and harmful activities against African-Americans and other sympathetic whites (Kelly, 2012). This group was later outlawed by Congress and the group branded as terrorists. Various incarnations of the group have become apparent over the years and various similar violent and terrorist acts have been perpetuated by these incarnations. The Ku Klux Klan still exists, but in a less violent fashion, however it has since grown in membership and continues to support its white supremacist ideals, not just against African-Americans, but against other minorities as well, including Asians, Arabs, and Jews. The Bolshevik revolution which later led to the establishment of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on revolutionaries all over the world, including America (Kelly, 2012). The

Considering the Climate of the IT System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Considering the Climate of the IT System - Essay Example If a system is designed such that it will remove autonomy or authority from the end user and place it in the hands of the system, it is important to plan for that. In an organization that has a traditional management style, workers may be more accepting of relinquishing control to a more bureaucratic system. However, in an environment where the organization is more empowered, failure to consider this can result in resistance to the implementation. A successful system design will involve the organization and not significantly disrupt the hierarchy or alter the perception of control. While it is important that people's perceptions and attitudes be considered, it's imperative to keep in mind that the organization will have to use the system. Any problems in the organization such as arrogance or disinterest will be magnified when implementing a new system. One of the most important factors affecting a new system or modifications to an existing system is employee acceptance. Many system implementations fail because the system designers did not consider the behavioral climate resulting in a lack of acceptance (Headrick and Morgan). It is also important to consider the social environment of the organization prior to implementing a new system.

The development of Women in India

The development of Women in India Dr. Raj Kumar acquired his Law degree from Delhi University and PhD from Kurukshetra University. He served Haryana Education Service from 1970 to 1973. He published a 7 volume series on Women and Indian Freedom Struggle and 15 volume series on Women, Society and Culture. He has contributed a number of articles in historical journals and commemoration volumes. He, justifiably, edited the present work of various scholars which provides a panoramic survey of women studies, based on latest research. He scrutinizes the status of women in India during Vedic times-a period of golden era for women and Brahmanic times. He mentioned the factors affecting the female psyche along with womens self-concept developed by Mohan (1988), which revolves around the confidence that woman is a weaker gender and her weakness can be converted into strength for her development by considering the womans basic needs and solicitudes about success and power in this regard. Women are involved in role conflict part icularly in the field of work and after marriage. Regarding rural development in India, out of 79% female work in agriculture, 46% are agricultural laborers, 33% are cultivators, and 5% are industrial workers. In Himaachal Pradash- a rural state, women know every task regarding the field of agriculture and livestock, despite of domestic work. According to 1981 census, 91.3%, out of total working women are agriculture workers against 63.3% of males in the state. Rural development is concerned with multi-sectorial programs like agriculture dependent upon industrial activities, transportation, commercialization, infrastructure, health and education services. According to world economic profile, women are 50% of the population, out of which official labor force is 30% and those women utilize 60% working hours and receive 10% world income. In Asia, there are a high proportion of women in agriculture. Regarding some determinants of women development, it was mentioned that on the second ha lf of 20th century, first, UN Declaration on Women rights, adopted on 7th Nov, 1967, mentioned appropriate measures for women rights in Article 1-11. Second, World Conference on International Womens Year in Mexico City on June 1975 issued a world plan of action and focused on human role of women. Some other factors like education, female health status and female economic participation as a determinant of social development as in India female literacy rate is 24.8% against the male literacy rate which is 46.89%. ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) provides additional nutrition, health check-up, medication of minor illness, immunization, nutrition and health education to women and supportive services like water supply and sanitation. Asia- Pacific region is also multiform in terms of womens role in the economy because development and womenlabour participation are based on the overall female economic activity rates. As well as the participation in modern sector naturally incre ases with economic development. In India, 90% of women belong to agriculture life so future development of Indian womanhood must be examined in terms of village women. There is need for new cadre of women ICS and their inclusion in local panchayts. The topic women and development has been discussed at several gatherings within UN at conferences of non-aligned countries, governmental and non-governmental meetings. At ministerial conference of non-aligned countries in Lima in August 1975, the ministries of these countries programmed on Mutual Assistance and Solidarity repeated that full development of developing nations require maximum participation of women and men in all spheres of national activity. NIEO (New International Economic Order)s cornerstone is the participation of women along with men in the development of country is indispensable for successful development. UN decade for women has facilitated the identification and overcoming the impediments to integrate women in societ y, resulted in the wastage of human resources needed for development. The areas for specific action aimed at the advancement of women are employment, education, health, food, water, agriculture, industry, trade and commercial services, science and technology, communications, housing settlement, community development and transport, energy and environment. There are most commonly used sources of energy utilized by women but the sources like coal, oil, gas, hydropower and bio-gas are commonly used in industries so the users can not be easily distinguished by gender. Participation of women in energy conservation requires education, training and consumer information in the field of energy. Self-reliance as a development strategy, treat women as an integral part of overall development. Technical (TCDC) and economic (ECDC) cooperation in developing countries should aim at reaching the largest number of social groups like women and youth in rural and urban populations equally. By critically analyzing, in the past, women were treated as mere slaves. Though, India is changing politically, economically and socially, at a swift pace. The condition of women is also changing, as they have begun to take their due place in free India by educating themselves, inducing the right of voting and heartedly participating in country development. In 2010 March 9, one day after International Womens day, Rajyasabha passed Womens Reservation Bill, ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and state legislative bodies. In modern India, women have adorned high offices including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of Opposition, etc. The current President of India is a woman. In the last five years, the Government of India made amendments in law and formed a ministry of social and womens welfare in 1985, while, Article 14 of the constitution emphasis on the discrimination of gender. In Himachal Pradash, there are a number of welfare organizations besides Manila Mandals is working for the elevation of women in state while other departments are also working for the women development like health, social welfare and family welfare. Regarding ICDS influence, there is decline in malnutrition from 19.1% in 1976 to 7.8% in 1983 and mortality from 15% to 3%. All India Spinners Associations cottage industry gave new life to millions of female workers. Collective self-reliance encourages the transformation of womens position in the world, so that it can become an integral part of each countrys long term development strategy. There is a high rate of womens participation and other stakeholders (e.g. Ministry of Gender, Youth and Community Services) during program formulation. The last few decades have seen a mushroom growth of organizations struggling for women to get their dues, but, how far has this helped in the improvement of the status of women in the home, in society, in office or in the country as a whole, is still a debatable is sue. Gender training is still very weak, while, regarding the cultural values; women tend to be shy during group meetings. Women have no access to modern machines and other technology. In any program formulation, there is a lack of gender considerations, untrained staff in gender analysis skills, gender-blind budget, and weak business skills among women. All Indian Kisan Movement and All Indian Ryots Association are improving human conditions but few female join them. Muslim womens legal position is better than Indian ones in terms of right to inheritance, divorce, marriage and religious education. For the establishment of NIEO, policy of economic independence and collective self-reliance is necessary because lack of progress in NIEO establishment requires that greater attention is paid to the collective efforts and cooperation of non aligned and developing countries. There is no strict implementation of certainty about the right abuses of women. The National Crime Records Bureau re ported in 1998 that the growth rate of crimes against women would be higher than the population growth rate by 2010. Earlier, many cases were not registered with the police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation cases. Distracted from other areas such as womens low socio-economic status, labor market inequalities and legal bias, literacy programs are a relatively inexpensive and politically expedient palliative in their present form. While, 80% rural and urban females in India receive little medical care, so there is a need to strengthen professional and health education to face challenge of promoting female health. In conclusion, in a developed nation, female education is imperative for their self-sufficiency. For the rural development, a national perspective plan for the rural women and fighting discrimination will improve the social and economic status of women. In accordance with the social policy in public and private sectors, society is not supposed to explo it the dual role of women but acknowledge it as a contributor to socio-economic perspective. South Asian countries showing a lower level of female participation in non agriculture sector as compared to other countries at the same level of per capita GDP. This pattern of increase does not imply gender equity in the work place or in earnings. The availability of disaggregated information on the training and employment of women in energy related fields just like in US would enable planners and decision makers to formulate better strategies for energy supply and development. According to most of the governments, prejudicial attitudes towards women are fundamental obstacles towards the integration of women in national and international life. The role of educational planning, raising the level of skills and directing aspirations of both men and women is necessary for a developing nation.

Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers

Angela's Ashes Exposition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characters: Francis McCourt- protagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malachy McCourt (father)- antagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Angela McCourt (mother)- protagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malachy McCourt (brother)- protagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael McCourt (brother)- static   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alphie McCourt (brother)- static   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Abbot (uncle)- protagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uncle Pa Keating (uncle)- protagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aunt Aggie (aunt)- antagonist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting: In the poor part of Limerick, Ireland around 1938.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rising Action: 1. Frankie's father, Malachy, lost his job in America. There is no money left in the family and they are living a poor and unhappy life without enough money to live. They are depending on the government to help them. 2. Frankie's mother has a baby, Margaret. Because of the lack of money the family can't eat and keep the children healthy. Margaret, the only girl dies and Frankie's mother and father are very unhappy. They go through hard times because of their loss. 3. Frankie's mother's cous...

Hawthorne Effect and Human Relation Movement

Describe how the components of the Hawthorne study are incorporated in current human resource functions? What was the main idea behind this study? How have you been impacted by the components of this study in your current or past work setting? According to Baack (2012), the human relation movement in management began in 1920s and was based on the human element of organizations. The Hawthorne study became one of the branches of the human relation movement (Baack, 2012) As stated by Cubbon (1969), the Hawthorne studies were carried out from the Hawthorne Works, a factory in Chicago.The idea of those studies was experimenting with psychological factors influencing the employees, while the goal was to increase the productivity levels (Cubbon, 1968). With time, the term became widely known, and many organizations conducted the similar studies. Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger have conducted the Hawthorne studies focusing their research on the employees and the aspects that influenced t he workers productivity (Baack, 2012).According to their findings, the productivity rates increased due to positive interactions between workers and researches, entry-level employees were actively fulfilling the duties of the supervisors without worrying about being disciplined for poor performance, and people started working closely in groups, while being loyal to one another (Baack, 2012). The research showed that workers are motivated not only by money, but also by social interactions, which should be accounted for at the workplace (Baack, 2012).Human Resources department of any organization should be focused on the workers. Its primary duties are to treat employees fairly and make sure that an organization gives back to its own people. Higher level of people’s satisfaction with the job will lead to the company’s success. It is necessary for managers to understand what makes the employees happier to increase the levels of productivity; that is why conducting the Haw thorne studies is important.For example, people in my department are not fond of each other; they do not like to work in teams and usually keep blaming each other for different mistakes. If our management arranged different experiments to understand the employees a little better and to find the root of the problem, the workers would eventually change their ways and views, which would lead to creating a better work environment.

buy custom Foundations of an Organization and Organizational Assessment essay

buy custom Foundations of an Organization and Organizational Assessment essay In the world where competition becomes fiercer and more companies enter the market to struggle for a stronger business position, missions, visions, and values shape the basis for creating and implementing successful growth strategies. Nursing organizations are no exception to this rule, since their core missions, visions, and values define the extent to which they are capable of adapting to environmental changes (Collins Porras, 1996). At the same time, many organizations take their missions and visions for granted and fail to use their potential to facilitate continuous growth and quality improvements. This is exactly what is happening in our organization. According to Bellot (2011), the current understanding of missions, organizational environments, and culture is limited to traditional corporations. However, healthcare organizations cannot be effective and efficient, unless they adjust their organizational orientation to meet the demands of human services. In our organization, th e mission and vision do not meet the criteria of the human services organization. Moreover, they serve as important elements of the company's public image but do not serve as relevant drivers of decision making. Apparently, without implementing organizations' mission statements, healthcare executives can never lead their organizations towards the desired strategic outcomes (Nelson Gardent, 2011). Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for healthcare organizations to treat their mission and vision as merely the two static components of their strategic model. Another problem with the current organization is that its managers rarely use or, in most cases, totally refuse from using the vision and mission of the organization as guidance in making decisions. Moreover, at times, the decision making patterns displayed by leaders contradict the reason and thoroughness of the organization's vision and mission. This is what Marquis and Huston (2009) call "intuitive decision making" (p. 8). Many leaders treat intuition as a crucial organizational skill. "Great leaders actively call on their intuition to enhance decision making, whereas less effective leaders tend to rely too heavily on traditional approaches" (Marquis Hurst, 2009, p. 8). However, when intuition is the only resource used by leaders to make organizational decisions, it may not lead to the desired results. Particularly in healthcare settings, a thorough analysis of available evidence and alternatives is needed to translate decisions into a strong patient care and safety advantage. In such a case, differences between organizational culture and climate should be noted. Both are considered as the two natural forces exerting considerable influence on organizations (Kennedy Group, n.d.). However, while organizational culture comprises such elements as values, beliefs, norms, and traditions, organizational climate is usually based on organizational structure, communication quality, accountability and forces of compliance, etc. (Kennedy Group, n.d.). Culture and climate are similar in the sense that they both grow from vision, which is expected to attract and help retain customers and patients. Simultaneously, it is by changing the organizational climate that leaders can cause positive influences on the culture within the organization (Kennedy Group, n.d.). However, because the actions and decisions of the organization's leaders are not always congruent with its vision, it is difficult to imagine how vision and mission can serve the needs of the organization and its stakeholders. For instance, while the vision of the organization includes an ethical component, its leaders and nurses often lack the moral courage needed to act in congruence with these ethical requirements (LaSala Bjarnason, 2010). These ethical dilemmas emerge mostly in nurses' interactions with patients and the lack of leaders' attention to privacy and patient autonomy. Still, examining these matters is significant to my role as a nurse leader. Nursing and nursing leadership incorporate a number of elements, one of them being the obligation to take the most appropriate action for the purpose of health promotion and the provision of safe care (LaSala Bjarnason, 2010). These elements can become possible and realistic only when nurse leaders are aware of the complexity inherent in their organizations and the most reliable ways to make such organizations workable. Buy custom Foundations of an Organization and Organizational Assessment essay

Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country

Introduction Thesis: The Financial crisis that hit Hong Kong in July 1997 had significant economic impacts. Hong Kong has suffered severe problems, for example, impact on retail and banking sectors, negative economic growth, housing market, etc. Body 1. The impact on housing market 1a. High interest rates contribute to the recession Hong Kong is suffering, by raising the cost of expanding a business or buying an apartment with borrowed money. (Varona, 1998) 1b. The house prices have declined significantly since the outbreak of the Asian Financial Crisis. (Yse and Webb, 2004) 2. The disadvantage of currency board system 2a. The stable Hong Kong dollar value has further hurt economy. (Leung, 2004) 2b. Following two years of painful economic adjustment, Hong Kong is still struggling with deflation due to the depressed housing sector. (HSBC, 2000) 3. Impact on retail sector 3a. At least 10 companies have collapsed from June 1997 to May 1998. (Varona, 1998) 4. Impact on unemployment and income 4a. The unemployment rate for October inched up to nearly 3 percent and was expected to climb. (Yi, 1997) 4b. The income down around 7% since the outbreak of Financial Crisis. (Son, 2003) 5. Impact on banking sector 5a. The reasons for the backing sector various, for example, the risk in interest rates, reduced availability of funding to be borrowed in the market, etc. (Carse, 1998) 5b. The customers deposits has slowed down in line with the recession economy. (Carse, 1998) 6. The economy recovery 6a. People believe that the benefits arising from the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and the China. (Caplan, 2004) 6b. Robust economic growth in the past months has given Hong Kong bright prospects for economic recovery. (Mao, 2004) 7. Lingering problem Despite some people say that the worst is over for the Asian Financial crisis, other predict that the worst is yet to come in Hong Kong. (Tse and Yip, 2... Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country Introduction Thesis: The Financial crisis that hit Hong Kong in July 1997 had significant economic impacts. Hong Kong has suffered severe problems, for example, impact on retail and banking sectors, negative economic growth, housing market, etc. Body 1. The impact on housing market 1a. High interest rates contribute to the recession Hong Kong is suffering, by raising the cost of expanding a business or buying an apartment with borrowed money. (Varona, 1998) 1b. The house prices have declined significantly since the outbreak of the Asian Financial Crisis. (Yse and Webb, 2004) 2. The disadvantage of currency board system 2a. The stable Hong Kong dollar value has further hurt economy. (Leung, 2004) 2b. Following two years of painful economic adjustment, Hong Kong is still struggling with deflation due to the depressed housing sector. (HSBC, 2000) 3. Impact on retail sector 3a. At least 10 companies have collapsed from June 1997 to May 1998. (Varona, 1998) 4. Impact on unemployment and income 4a. The unemployment rate for October inched up to nearly 3 percent and was expected to climb. (Yi, 1997) 4b. The income down around 7% since the outbreak of Financial Crisis. (Son, 2003) 5. Impact on banking sector 5a. The reasons for the backing sector various, for example, the risk in interest rates, reduced availability of funding to be borrowed in the market, etc. (Carse, 1998) 5b. The customers deposits has slowed down in line with the recession economy. (Carse, 1998) 6. The economy recovery 6a. People believe that the benefits arising from the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and the China. (Caplan, 2004) 6b. Robust economic growth in the past months has given Hong Kong bright prospects for economic recovery. (Mao, 2004) 7. Lingering problem Despite some people say that the worst is over for the Asian Financial crisis, other predict that the worst is yet to come in Hong Kong. (Tse and Yip, 2...

Philosophy ( the great gialogue of plato) Essay

Philosophy ( the great gialogue of plato) - Essay Example themes of Socratic thoughts including Socratic irony, his mode of investigation and inquiry and maintenance of higher moral concerns that greatly direct Socrates’ life. According to Plato, Socrates passed on his wisdom to people with intellect. It is very interesting to note that Socrates never talked about one- sided lengthy lectures regarding his beliefs rather he preferred to present his beliefs in written accounts- in the form of proper dialogues. With the help of this inquiry, it can be well said that he did never believe on his own knowledge to put forward rather his mode of investigation always tried to identify what his interlocutor considers he knows and then gradually analyzing the hidden claims of Socratic knowledge. For Socrates two essential elements for healthier life are virtue and wisdom. These are closely connected elements and greatly participate to improve the society in the broader context. According to Socrates, if all people within a society will be wise then nothing will ever go wrong and as a result of self knowledge and wisdom will finally lead to more fulfilling and healthier lives. This is the basic reason why Socratic thoughts greatly focus on the activities of high morale rather than intangible intellectual quests. Plato explains that Socrates was accused of being guilty in the court of Athens as he was charged of recognizing new deities rather than those recognized by the state. He was charged of corrupting the new generation in Athens through his speech and conversation. This allegation put him at trial and he attempts for a powerful defense through speech. The defense opens with an appeal put forward by Socrates before the jury that the jury would listen him with great care and pardon him too if he would slip into his conventional conversational style as his opponents greatly talked against him in the courts. They adopted flowery language to defend their case. As a result of this, Socrates clearly mentioned before court that he

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays - Case Study Example The regular elements that basically impact the holiday decision-making process are levels of contribution, situational variables, expectation, sentimentality and fantasizing. Then again, this is altogether different from customary decision-making process that is generally sequenced and organized. In this model, the requirement for a particular administration or item is distinguished and data pursuit and different choices are assessed. The consumer is further headed towards acquiring an item and there in the wake of setting a buying decision (Moore & Simmons, 2010). In the conventional consumer decision-making, the technique for hunting down data is generally organized and it is either outer, interior or both of them. Data gathering process in the holiday decision-making is a continuous and nonstop process. The data is gathered throughout and after the holidays experience and it is generally memory based than outer based. Holiday decision creators are low data searchers and data is ac cumulated in a non-reason way. Then again, in conventional consumer decision-making, get-together data is exceptionally vital and the data is seen as the main impetus in the consumer decision-making process. Under this model, the consumers are sharp data searchers and they complete a genuine research before settling down on a specific item (Weiss & Wenger, 2002). The interviews conducted in the case shows the different behaviour of the two persons who were deciding on going for a trip. The first issue talks about a situation where the decision maker is confused about finally going on a holiday or not in spite of the fact that they had already decided on two destinations for their holiday. This clearly shows a confusion in the decision making process. Thus as a holiday service provider it will be very difficult to assess whether or not to consider them as a consumer. The next scenario talked about is a

THE_MEDIA_DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE_MEDIA_DB - Essay Example In democracy, people have the freedom to profess what they believe. There is freedom of speech and expression. The American declaration of independence, the French declaration of the rights of man etc. have emphasised the importance of freedom. Freedom is essential for the all round development and personality of the individual. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights also emphasised the importance of freedom. All democratic constitutions of the word provide freedom to the people. So, there is no doubt that freedom is essential and most popular struggles have been for freedom. Now the question is to what extent freedom is permissible? Is complete freedom desirable? If freedom is to be restricted, who has the power to do so? It is an accepted view that freedom is to be restricted in such a way that one’s exercise of freedom should not affect exercise of similar freedom by other individuals and should not take away the rights of other individuals. The issues mentioned above ar e relevant to internet freedom also. Virtual space has become a reality. Internet has penetrated to every part of the world. It is the era of e-governance and e -commerce. People spent more time at internet than before. Information, political or otherwise is acceble to all. Social networking sites are growing and corporate sector is also making use of the facilities associated with internet. The internet provides opportunity for people to relate with anybody in any part of the world. It is easy to spread ideas and form groups. So, there is reason to believe that internet promotes freedom and democracy. With the help of internet, administration has become more transparent. Political parties and candidates conduct election campaigns using internet. In a recent university address titled â€Å"Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,† Secretary of State Hillary Clinton berated authoritarian regimes and praised the people of Tunisia and Egypt for us ing digital tools to organise democratic protests (On real Internet Freedom). In that address Mrs. Clinton underscored high opportunity cost for countries which filter or shut down the Internet (On real Internet Freedom). She praised twitter for helping frustrated citizens of the Arab world. It can be said that discontent in Tunisia exploded in public anger when Wiki Leaks published the cables on the U.S. ambassador's assessment of corruption by President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali (On real Internet Freedom). The Tunisian uprising was triggered by the revelations of wiki leaks and internet. In the era of wiki leaks, publishing secrets is a major danger of unchecked internet. The judicial position on the Pentagon Papers on Vietnam, refusing to grant prior restraint on publication of classified documents, serves as a clear guide for internet freedom (On real Internet Freedom). While acknowledging the fact that internet freedom is important, unchecked internet freedom pause certain danger s to the political world. One such danger is related to secrecy. It is natural that every individual, organisation and state has some secret things which it wants to keep private and do not like to disclose. In the interest of national interest, a state has a right to keep certain things secret. It may be a part of the strategy. Disclosing such things might hamper national security. Internet facilitates publication of such documents as evidence by wiki Leaks. But this is not a reason shut down internet

Akhenaten Family Background Essay Example for Free

Akhenaten Family Background Essay Describe the family and family background of Akhenaten. In your answer refer to: the 18th dynasty pharaohs, his mother, his brother, Akhenaten’s wives, particularly Nefertiti (her origin and roles) and his children. Assess their importance to the pharaoh. In your answer refer to at least four sources, ancient and modern. You can also show diagrams if you wish. (500-550 words) Akhenaten was the tenth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty; he reigned over New Kingdom Egypt for approximately 17 years. Akhenaten was the son of Amenhotep III and his chief wife, Queen Tiy. Scholars agree that Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy had four known daughters and two sons, Thutmoses and Akhenaten, who was originally named Amenhotep IV. Akhenaten was a sheltered child and appeared to be rejected by his father as he was rarely included in portraits of the family and was never taken to any public events unlike his brother, Thutmoses, as he was not assumed to take the throne. Akhenaten became pharaoh after the death of his father Amenhotep III in 1352BC, as Thutmoses had died prematurely. It is believed that Akhenaten was already married to Nefernefruaten- Nefertiti when he came to the throne. Nefertiti’s origin or parents are unknown, there are two main theories of her origin, and the most accepted is that Nefertiti is the daughter of Ay, vizier to various pharaohs of the 18th dynasty and the assumed brother of Queen Tiy. This is believed as Nefertiti’s nurse was the wife of Ay, as well as references that Nefertiti’s sister, Mutnojme, is prominently featured in the reliefs of Ay’s tomb. Another theory is that Nefertiti was the Mitannian princess sent to Egypt for a diplomatic marriage, referred to as ‘Tadhukhipa’, this is supported as Nefertiti means â€Å"the beautiful woman has come†. Nefertiti was Akhenaten’s chief wife and it is clear that Akhenaten valued his beloved wife, in his tomb he referred to her as ‘the mistress of his happiness’, and according to C. Alfred on one of the boundary stelae at Amarna he describes her as â€Å"Fair of Face, Joyous with the Double Plume, Mistress of Happiness, Endowed with Favour, at hearing whose voice one rejoices, Lady of Grace, Great of Love, whose disposition cheers the Lord of Two Lands†. In Akhenaten’s tomb and in tombs of the nobles, Nefertiti is depicted as equal to the pharaoh, in Akhenaten and the Amarna Bradley states â€Å"she’s is treated as the king’s partner not only in their family life but in religious and political life as well†, unlike other pharaohs there are also many family reliefs depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their six daughters making offerings to the Aten; no son was ever depicted in reliefs. Akhenaten and Nefertiti are accepted to have had six daughters together. They were Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhensenpaaten, Nefernefruten-tasherit, Nefernefure and Setepenre. Meritaten ‘beloved of Aten’, married Akhenaten’s successor, Smekhkare. Around year 15 of Akhenaten’s reign, Meritaten was given the rank of ‘Mistress of the House’ and favourite of the King, at this time she was depicted performing certain religious rituals in the temple of the Aten. Meketaten ‘protected of Aten’ possibly died at childbirth (Alfred) or at the age of eleven (Redford), mourning scenes of Akhenaten and Nefertiti are depicted in the king’s tomb. Ankhensenpaaten ‘her life is in the Aten’, married Tutankhamun and became Ankhensenamun. Nefernefruaten-tasherit ‘Nefernefruaten Junior –after Nefertiti’, Nefernefrure ‘beautiful as the beauty of Re’, and Setepenre ‘chosen of Re’. What happened to the youngest three daughters is unknown. In addition to Nefertiti, Akhenaten had many other minor wives that he inherited from Amenhotep III’s harem as well as those he would have selected himself. Of particular importance is Kiya, one of Akhenaten’s minor wives. Her full origin is unknown, but she seems to have come from an official family with links to the royal household. In Akhenaten’s inscriptions Kiya was described as the greatly beloved wife of the king, this was purely an acknowledgement of her position as secondary wife and in particular as the mother of royal children. She is believed to be the mother of Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamen) and possibly Smenkhkare, who succeeded Akhenaten’s reign. It appears Kiya was a favourite of Akhenaten’s for a reasonably long time. Describe the building projects of Akhenaten in East Karnak, near the traditional capital Thebes, and Akhetaten (his new cult centre). Describe the features of the buildings and account for the stylistic changes, especially to do with the worship of the Aten. In your answer include evidence from sources ancient and modern. You can use diagrams and maps if you wish. When Akhenaten came to power in 1353BC instead of holding the holistic New Kingdom Egypt builder-warrior pharaoh, Akhenaten focused on his building projects and the establishment of Aten worship in New Kingdom Egypt. In the first year of his reign Akhenaten ordered that his father’s construction project be completed, this was typical of New Kingdom pharaohs. This project was of two decorated pylon gateways at the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. The relief scenes carved on the pylon at this time show Akhenaten in a traditional way, they also depict the Aten as a falcon-headed god. In the second year Akhenaten ordered the construction of four temples dedicated to the Aten to be built at East Karnak, outside the enclosure wall on the east of the Great Temple of Amun-Re. These temples were Gempaaten – ‘sun disk is found’ , the Mansion of the Ben-ben stone, Rud-menu – ‘Sturdy are the Monuments of the sun-disk Forever,’ and Teni-menu – ‘Exalted are the Monuments of the sun-disk Forever’. The Gempaaten was an open rectangular court approximately 300m by 200m enclosed with a mud-brick wall, surrounding this was a roofed colonnade. The temple itself was adorned with colossal statues of Akhenaten. The decorative scenes shown in the temple showed a celebration of the Heb-sed festival in the second and third year of the king’s reign. According to an unknown source in the depictions of the first year the ritual was enacted before officials from all the districts and the gods of Egypt, whose statues had been brought from near and far to be placed in shrines. Akhenaten offered to the gods individually and was accepted by each to continue ruling. However, in the Heb-sed festival of the third year all the shrines of the gods of Egypt are replaced by the Aten and Akhenaten in the reliefs. Typically when a pharaoh is being depicted with a god he is either drawn equal or depicted kneeling to the deity, but as the sun-disc is shown at the top of relief scenes Akhenaten’s single standing figure becomes more prominent. There is no firm evidence of the other three Aten temples purpose or location at Karnak, as they were destroyed and the building materials were reused in later pharaohs building projects. It is believed that the Mansion of the Ben-ben stone was built for Nefertiti, the Ben-ben stone is typically depicted as a pyramid shaped stone, but in this temple it was shown as an obelisk. In the relief scenes Nefertiti is portrayed making offerings to the Aten as this role was generally undertaken by Akhenaten, these reliefs were the first to include Nefertiti in the triad of the Aten. A major change in the depiction of Akhenaten began to appear in these temples, he was no longer portrayed as the tradition pharaoh but instead his face become elongated, he showed very little upper body tone and had a pot belly. However large and remarkable Akhenaten’s Aten temples were, they would never be able to overcome the dominance of Amun at Karnak. This issue led to Akhenaten’s desire to form a new capital city entirely devoted to the Aten sun-disc. In year six of his reign Akhenaten selected a site halfway between Memphis and Thebes, where the cliffs on the east bank form an amphitheatre opposite from the river Nile, this naturally occurring amphitheatre was 13km in diameter and 5km wide. Akhenaten set up boundary stelae to mark the limits of his new city in every directions, he affirmed that the ground did not belong to any deity and it was the Aten himself who had revealed the land to Akhenaten. On the boundary stelae the king states the city is to be called Akhetaten meaning ‘the Horizon or seat of the Aten’, the message on the stelae mentions the temples Akhenaten intends to construct in the city – A House of the Aten, a Mansion of the Aten, a Sunshade of the Queen and a House of Rejoicing for the Aten in the Island. Evidence of most of these temples and buildings has not been found or confirmed. Akhetaten was divided into several main building regions; these included the Main city – with the royal palace and temples, the North Suburb, South city, Maru-aten (Southern Palace), a workers village and rock cut tombs. The Great Temple of the Aten was built as the centre of worship in Akhetaten. The building was an 800m by 300m open roofed rectangular court, similar to the Gempaaten in layout but much larger. The temple was not open to the public and only the royal family or high priest could enter into the Great Temple of the Aten. R. J. Unstead states the temple was designed in a processional way; entrance to the temple was from the west between two tall pylons, this entrance let into a small courtyard, ahead of this was the House of Rejoicing or Per-Hai. This was a hall filled with columns and adorned with reliefs of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. From Per-Hai you reach the next part of the temple Gem-Aten ‘finding of the Aten’, this courtyard contained rows of mud brick offering tables. Ahead of the Gem-Aten is the entrance to a long narrow court with a raised altar, beyond this alter is then entrance to another court, followed by a second and finally into three smaller sanctuary or garden courts. Each court of the temple, aside from the Gem-Aten had its own altar and colossal statues of Akhenaten as well as representations of the Aten on wall reliefs. There was no exit at the other end of The Great Temple so the procession of Akhenaten, Nefertiti and the Aten priests had to turn around and exit through the west entrance.

Politics and George Orwell Essays -- George Orwell Politics Political

Politics and George Orwell Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Books are a medium through which the author can express his views; whether they concern social injustices, current issues, or in Orwell’s case, politics. For centuries writers have weaved their opinions into their work, conveying to the reader exactly what they intended. â€Å"Orwell saw himself as a violent unmasker of published pretentiousness, hypocrisy and self-deceit, telling people what they did not want to hear†¦.† (Crick, 244). Orwell accomplishes this unmasking of these facades through his use of rhetorical strategies to relay his views to the reader. Through his books and essays, George Orwell has found a forum in which he can express his opinions, fusing his political beliefs with a satiric quality all his own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A piece of literature that illustrates his ability to do this with unmatched skill and unrelenting satire is Animal Farm. Jeffrey Meyers said of Orwell’s novel, â€Å"In this fable about a barnyard revolt Orwell created a satire that specifically attacked the consequences of the Russian Revolution while suggesting the reasons for the failure of most revolutionary ideals† (339). In the book, the reader is given a situation in which the animals are fed up with the overindulgent, unappreciative human beings that run their farm. They decide a rebellion would cure their woes and so they revolt. However, they soon realize that the uprising was the easy part. Now they must establish a government with leaders and rules. The pigs are the self-appointed leaders because they are the smartest and cleverest of all the animals. The two pigs with the most power and persuasion are Snowball and Napoleon. The farm begins to run like a democracy, and all the animals ar e satisfied until Napoleon runs Snowball out of the farm with a pack of wild dogs. After the exile of Snowball, the animals on the farm increasingly become oppressed and Napoleon slowly starts to resemble a dictator. Throughout Animal Farm, Orwell’s main weapon of choice is his stinging satire. In fact, the entire book can be viewed as a one hundred page satiric look at politics and human life. Not only do we see humans being overthrown by pigs and chickens but all the animals can talk and some can even read and write. Naming one of the pigs Napoleon is also significant because as Meyers puts it, â€Å"The carefully chosen names are both realistic ... .... His use of satire combined with a headstrong political opinion creates for the reader thoughts and questions that were not there when one opened the pages of a book such as Animal Farm and began the journey chosen for them by Orwell. Orwell is a writer who not only gives the reader entertainment and enjoyment, but is set out to make the reader think and feel what the characters who are being victimized think and feel like. He is on a mission to make the reader ponder the injustices of society and the political regimes that run our countries, our world. George Orwell did not set out to create books that kindly represent everyone, even the tyrants. He set out to create books and literature that may have shocked some readers at first but without a doubt told the truth. Orwell once said, â€Å"Possession of the ‘truth’ is less important than emotional sincerity.† Orwell is unwavering in his commitment to make the masses aware of the injustices, victimizations, a nd corrupt politics. A writer’s only and best weapon is his words; Orwell chooses his words wisely. They can be bitter or sweet, but they always convey truths about the world ignored by many but seen and written about by Orwell.

Bureaucracy and Public Policy

In most situations of dealing with government, people often find themselves experiencing communication with street-level bureaucrats who, despite of their comparatively low position, in many ways define the person’s further well-being. Street-level bureaucrats have a direct influence on the number of people participating in public programs, and it’s them who determines what number of people is going to receive certain benefits, or participate in some programs. This, their final decisions become vital for certain groups of society.The communication which occurs between bureaucrats and people in such situations creates the public policies which all the citizens experience when dealing with government. A very important issue concerning bureaucracy still remains understanding the mechanism of decision-making by street-level-bureaucrats, for it appears a much more difficult problem than it seems. As Brehm and Gates state, despite a large number of literatures sources on the point of decision-making by bureaucrats, it still remains uncertain what real reasons influence their behavior [1].Due to the complexity of decision-making by street-level bureaucrats, different approaches have been suggested towards this matter. Various authors suggest their own solutions of the problem. The first approach is connected with economics, while the other one deals with public administration and organization theory. According to the behavioral theory of choice, bureaucratic decisions are the function not only of rational decision-making, but as well of all the variables which might influence the decision-making in the process.This can occur in situations when cognitive abilities of decision-makers fail them in the situation of uncertainty, and they become unable to make rational decisions. One of the main economists who have carried out the research of decision-making by bureaucracy were Brehm and Gates in their work â€Å"Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public†, and Michael Lipsky â€Å"Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of Individuals in Public Services†. John Brehm and Scott Gates in their work were dealing with the problem of the types of bureaucratic decisions.As far as authors have found out, the decisions which the bureaucrats make are divided into 3 categories: working, shirking, and sabotage, which are very different in their descriptions. The main criteria is the matching the supervisors’ goals by the street-level bureaucrats in their decisions. In the category of â€Å"working†, the bureaucrats completely answer the goals which their supervisors put in front of them, and this is the most efficient decision-making for them.In the case of â€Å"shrinking†, the bureaucrats direct some of their efforts towards recreation or any other activities which have nothing to do with the goals set for them by the supervisors. The category of â€Å"sabotaging† is the leas t efficient because in this case the bureaucrats choose the goals which completely differ from the goals which their supervisors set for them, and that is why they can often fail to achieve the outcome which the supervisors would like them to achieve [1].According to the analysis of the mentioned categories, Brehm and Gates come to the conclusion that in many cases it’s impossible for supervisors to coordinate the actions of street-level bureaucrats, and thus the public policy which they carry out on a high level might appear very different from the policy which is actually provided on the lower levels in which the actual interactions of people with government occur.It means that the efficiency of the government policy becomes much lower in the case of street-level bureaucrats’ shirking and sabotaging because they don’t achieve the goals set for them by higher officials. The connection between the bureaucrats of higher and lower levels does exist, but it’ s much weaker in reality than it appears in theory, so many decisions might simply not reach the lower level.As far as the empirical evidence shows, the main argument in decision-making by street-level officials lies not in the instructions which they get from the top but from their own preferences, or the preferences which other bureaucrats have. However, here lies the crucial point of the analysis: lower-level bureaucrats have their own interests which they want to follow, but those interests turn out very close to the interests of high-level officials, and thus the actual public policy which is provided in the country becomes very close to the policy which was elaborated in the high level of government.This means that according to Brehm and Gates, by understanding the policy-preferences of the bureaucrats, we are able to predict the decisions they will make in different situations. Michael Lipsky in his â€Å"Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of Individuals in Public Servicesâ €  also investigates the problems of bureaucrats behavior in relation to their customers, and decision-making by bureaucrats of low level in relation to the instructions they get from higher officials.According to the author, the mentioned issues are very important because â€Å"†¦in delivering policy street-level bureaucrats make decisions about people that affect their life chances. † [2] Michael Lipsky defines one of the main reasons of the importance of bureaucrats’ behavior in the fact that â€Å"†¦they play a critical role in regulating the degree of contemporary conflict by virtue of their role as agents of social control. Citizens who receive public benefits interact with public agents who require certain behaviors of them† [2].When investigating the main aspects of bureaucrats’ decision-making, Michael Lipsky believes in rational decisions of bureaucrats: â€Å"There is every reason to think that the general evaluations of social wo rth that inform the society will also inform the decisions of street-level bureaucrats in the absence of strong incentives to the contrary† [2]. Unlike Brehm and Gates, Michael Lipsky focuses not on the relationship of higher and lower level bureaucrats but on the importance of discretion in this matter.If Brehm and Gates tend to analyze the main categories of bureaucrats’ decision-making through the prism of their working, shrinking, and sabotaging categories, Michael Lipsky devotes his attention to the analysis of the necessity of discretion in making decisions. He finds the main reasons of that in the fact that street-level bureaucrats cannot learn by heart all the instructions which they were given and carry them everywhere, or decide every matter in the same way not regarding the difference of cases, or not to take into consideration a personal impression of a person.The discretion is very necessary in order to carry out the right decision because only the particul ar official investigating the particular case can make the right decision based on his knowledge of instructions and his general impression. In case of following his personal impression of interaction with a client, the bureaucrat doesn’t simply sabotage or shrink, but makes the only right decision in the particular case. Michael Lipsky argues that there are some practices which commonly contribute to routine control of clients.One of them is that clients are separated from the officers by certain desks in order to minimize the personal conflict. There are no comfortable sofas in such places, either. Another practice is isolating one client from another one for them not to know what is going on with others in the same position. It’s also important to mention that street-bureaucrats carry out special sanctions for those who disobey the order of the procedure. The investigations have shown that it’s impossible to conclude the general criteria for decision-making b y street-level bureaucrats.Brehm and Gates investigate the subject from the point of view of interactions between higher and lower level officials in the general outcome of the public policy, and argue that at the end, the preferences of the officials turn out the same. Michael Lipsky makes a point that discretion is very important in decision-making, and the influence of higher officials and instructions is minimized in this situation. Bibliography. 1. John Brehm and Scott Gates. â€Å"Working, Shirking, and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public†. 2. Michael Lipsky. â€Å"Street-Level Bure

Italian wines (viticulture) Essay

The purpose of this paper is to critically review and understand the science of grapes, the process of growing them, maintenance of the vines, harvesting and extracting wine from these grapes (viticulture) especially in Italy. Bottling, storage and transportation of wine are also critical factors to ensure that wine gets to the target consumers in the right manner with the desired taste and aroma. Italy is one of the major wine producers in the world accounting for about 25% of the world’s total production. Introduction Viticulture was introduced in Italy around 800 B. C by the Greeks. The Romans defeated the Greeks during the battle of Carthage and immediately started growing grapes all over Italy. At that time most of the farms were planted with grapes to an extent that the production of foods crops had drastically reduced and the Emperor of that time ordered mass destruction of vineyards so that foods crops could be grown instead. The fast expansion of the Roman Empire led to introduction of viticulture to their conquered lands which include the present day France and Spain. The wines produced in Italy during these ancient times had more alcohol content than the wines in the modern times. Discussion Wine taking in Italy dates back to time before the time of Jesus Christ and was an indispensable way of Italian life. In the ancient times wine was used in churches and other religious places. For this reason grapes were grown practically every where in Italy making it the largest wine producer in ancient and modern times. Large scale growth of vines started when the Romans defeated Greeks and drove them from Italy. Under the Roman law viticulture was not allowed to be introduced to other countries and provinces at the beginning. When grapes were harvested, the Romans exchanged them for slaves who were to work in the vine yards to boost grape production. A variety of grapes have been widely cultivated in Italy since the ancient which led to production of a variety of wines. These varieties either produce red or white wine depending on the process they are exposed to. Red wine is made using the grape fruit as a whole including the skin and seeds while in making the white wine the skin and the seeds are removed. Viticulture in Italy is greatly enhanced by soils rich in calcium and carbonate, the warm and relatively dry conditions. For a long time Italy has been recognized for producing high quality wine which is available at relatively affordable prices than wine from other producing countries making Italian wines a favorite to many. Wineries in this country are now growing their own grapes rather than buying from small scale farmers ensuring production of high quality wine. This enables them to plan the vine yards accordingly and also make sure that the grapes mature well so that production of quality wine is easily achieved. By establishing their own vine yards the wineries were assured of better quality wine because they adopted new farming and harvesting techniques maintaining the right concentration of sugars and aroma. Mature grapes are either picked manually or by use of machines in relatively dry weathers which are the best during harvest and then transported to the wineries. In the wineries the grapes are crushed when they are either having the seeds and the outer skin or not resulting to red and white wine respectively. The juice mixture is left for sometime ranging from a few hours to several weeks after which the juice is squeezed out leaving the other residual behind. The wine yeast is added to enhance fermentation with temperatures being maintained constant for a period of about seven days. The wine is then put in casks or barrels for the aging process after which filtration is done followed by pasteurization and then bottling. New varieties of grape vines resistant to pests are being introduced in Italy to ensure continuous wine production. In the last few centuries Italy introduced modern techniques in wineries for longer preservation of wine in order to curb competition from France and Spain. The management of the wine industry was nationalized and the number of grape varieties reduced to concentrate on varieties that could be grown in most regions. The government certified most of the wine varieties raising the quality of the wine industry and assuring the consumers that Italian wine was of good quality. Conclusion Viticulture has been a very vital industry in Italy since the ancient times and has tried to maintain this reputation. Advanced propagation, soil management, protection of grape vine techniques and biodynamic viticulture in Italy are some of the key factors as to why Italy leads other countries in wine production. In Italy wine should not be bottled if it not inspected and approved making sure that the wine is of high quality. Though there have been several challenges including competition and economic challenges this country has remained the largest producer of wine in the world and they are also introducing more measure to maintain this position. It is evident that a lot remains to be done to ensure that Italian wines remain the number one to consumers. References Ronald, J. Wine Science: Principles and Applications. 3rd Edition. Academic Press, 2008. Tenney, F. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Pageant Books, 1959. Tim, U. Wine and the Vine: A Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. 2nd Edition. Routledge, 1996. Peregrine, H. Nicholas, P. The Corrupting Sea: a study of Mediterranean history. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.

Free Essays on Bacon And Aristotle

Bacon and Aristotle Throughout Bacon’s Novum Organum, Bacon criticizes Aristotle’s views on science to a point where he is almost belittling him. He criticized Aristotle’s philosophy from the foundations upwards. He thought that Aristotle was biased and argued that Aristotle’s views were corrupted and caused damage to the natural philosophy. He mainly disagreed with Aristotle’s philosophy because its foundation starts with something already known and then goes through series of steps to reach a general statement. Likewise, Bacon argues that his method starts with concrete things, rather than with previous ideas, which is not always clear. Therefore, according to him, Aristotle cannot possibly reach the truth. I conclude therefore that the signs of truth and soundness in the philosophies and sciences that are current are not at all good, whether taken from the origins of those ideas, or from their fruits or their growth, or the admissions of their founders, or the fact of their common acceptance. (Bacon 87) Aristotle was biased because he used the natural philosophy against his logic, and made it a disputation in itself and therefore making it useless (Bacon 62). He was so caught up in his own idea that it only led him to untruth and then led many people to believe him and destroy science and nature all together. Also the syllogism of Aristotle’s does not allow people to advance into a greater domain simply because the answer was already contained in the premises. Logic that was used by Aristotle damaged the natural philosophy that Bacon is trying to stress â€Å"†¦ which ought to mark out the boundaries of natural philosophy, not generate or give it birth† (Bacon 106). So therefore Bacon considers only greater outcomes would come from the natural philosophy if it were pure and unadulterated (Bacon 106). In Conclusion, Bacon views Aristotle as a complete destroyer of nature and the sciences. He argues that A... Free Essays on Bacon And Aristotle Free Essays on Bacon And Aristotle Bacon and Aristotle Throughout Bacon’s Novum Organum, Bacon criticizes Aristotle’s views on science to a point where he is almost belittling him. He criticized Aristotle’s philosophy from the foundations upwards. He thought that Aristotle was biased and argued that Aristotle’s views were corrupted and caused damage to the natural philosophy. He mainly disagreed with Aristotle’s philosophy because its foundation starts with something already known and then goes through series of steps to reach a general statement. Likewise, Bacon argues that his method starts with concrete things, rather than with previous ideas, which is not always clear. Therefore, according to him, Aristotle cannot possibly reach the truth. I conclude therefore that the signs of truth and soundness in the philosophies and sciences that are current are not at all good, whether taken from the origins of those ideas, or from their fruits or their growth, or the admissions of their founders, or the fact of their common acceptance. (Bacon 87) Aristotle was biased because he used the natural philosophy against his logic, and made it a disputation in itself and therefore making it useless (Bacon 62). He was so caught up in his own idea that it only led him to untruth and then led many people to believe him and destroy science and nature all together. Also the syllogism of Aristotle’s does not allow people to advance into a greater domain simply because the answer was already contained in the premises. Logic that was used by Aristotle damaged the natural philosophy that Bacon is trying to stress â€Å"†¦ which ought to mark out the boundaries of natural philosophy, not generate or give it birth† (Bacon 106). So therefore Bacon considers only greater outcomes would come from the natural philosophy if it were pure and unadulterated (Bacon 106). In Conclusion, Bacon views Aristotle as a complete destroyer of nature and the sciences. He argues that A...

Vengeance essays

Vengeance essays Arthur Millers The Crucible is a classic novel about the 1692 Salem witch trials. In that year nineteen people and two dogs were convicted and killed for acts of witchcraft. The reasons behind the accusations resulted in many disagreements that happened over the years. After the accusations began, grudges began to surface in the community. Small insignificant actions were made out to be witchcraft, and the devil was responsible for bad business deals. One of the main characters John Proctor stated it best when he said, Vengeance is walking Salem. (Miller 73) The in the beginning of the book the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to fly that there is witchcraft going on in the woods. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused as witches. After telling the truth to Revered Hale and Revered Parris Abigail starts the accusations by saying, I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osborne with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil! (Miller 45) The other girls all join in so that the blame will not be placed on them. In Act Three of The Crucible, the girls were called before the judges to defend themselves against the claims that they were only acting. John Proctor convinced Mary Warren to testify against the girls. Mary knew that if she told the truth that the other girls would turn on her and accuse her of being a witch, but if she didnt tell on the girls then John Proctor would kill her. During the court proceedings Abigail acted as if Mary Warren sent her spirit up to the rafters and began to talk to the spirit. Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it ...

Land Breeze Definition

Land Breeze Definition A land breeze is a local nighttime and early morning wind that occurs along coasts and blows offshore (from the land out to sea). It arises at sunset when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land due to the land cooling off faster and having a lower heat capacity, and continues into the early morning hours until the heating of the day begins. Although commonly associated with ocean shorelines, land breezes can also be experienced near lakes and other large bodies of water. An Overnight and Early Morning Wind Like all winds, land breezes form because of a difference in air pressure and temperature. During the day, the sun will heat land surfaces, but only to a depth of a few inches. At night, water will retain more of its heat than land surfaces. (This is because it has a higher heat capacity than land.) Land breezes usually occur at night. At night, the temperature of the land cools quickly without the insolation from the sun. Heat is rapidly re-radiated back to the surrounding air. The water along the shore will then be warmer than the coastal land, creating a net movement of air from the land surfaces towards the ocean. Why? Well, the movement of the wind is a result of differences in air pressure over the land and the ocean. Warm air is less dense and rises. Cool air is more dense and sinks. As the temperature of the land surfaces cool, the warm air rises and creates a small area of high pressure near the land surface. Since winds blow from areas of high to low pressure, the net movement of air (wind) is from the shore to the sea. Steps to Land Breeze Formation Heres a step-by-step explanation of how land breezes are created. Air temperatures decrease at night.Rising air creates a thermal low at the ocean surface.Cool air collects forming a high-pressure zone above the surface of the ocean.A low-pressure zone forms above the land surface from the rapid loss of heat.A high-pressure zone forms as the cooler land cools the air immediately above the surface.Winds aloft flow from the ocean to the land.Winds at the surface flow from high to low pressure creating a land breeze. Longer Near Summer's End As the summer wears on, the temperature of the sea will slowly rise in comparison to the daily temperature fluctuations of the land, meaning that the land breeze will last longer and longer. Nighttime Thunderstorms If there are sufficient moisture and instability in the atmosphere, land breezes can lead to overnight showers and thunderstorms just offshore. While you might be tempted to take a nighttime beach walk, be sure to follow these lightning safety guidelines to reduce your risk of a lightning strike. Watch your step as well, since storms can stir up and encourage jellyfish to wash ashore! Land breezes are the opposite of sea breezes gentle winds that develop over the ocean and blow onshore, keeping you cool during a scorching hot day on the beach.